Types of Management

You lead today by building teams and placing others first. It is not about you!!

(Jeffrey Immelt)

Organizations today operate in a world of constant change. Technology and society are changing more rapidly than ever before. Concern for the environment has forced companies to think about how their actions affect the quality of air, land, and water. Competition is fiercer than ever, because organizations from all over the world now try to sell their products and services to the same customers. To survive in this situation, many types of management have been applied and implemented, and these include:

1. Management by objectives: It was established by Peter Drucker (1954). The main purpose of this type of management is for employees to have a clear understanding of the roles and responsibilities expected of them. They can then understand how their activities relate to the achievement of the organization. Here are some of the important features and advantages of Management by objective:

A. Motivation: Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment. This increases employee job satisfaction and commitment.

B. Better communication and Coordination: Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates help to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems.

C. Clarity of goal: The goal of the organization has to be smart, and this goal has to be specific, measurable, actionable, reasonable, and time-bonded. This has to be introduced and disseminated to every level of the organization.   

D. Subordinates tend to have a higher commitment to objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person.

E. Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organization's objectives.

2. Management by observation: We can compare this to managing diseases. We observe the progress of patient over a period of time to determine if the observed would benefit from intervention. With this, the employees can be managed by observing that they are present at the physical work place during accepted working hours and appear to be doing expected work tasks. Without objective setting may lead to presenteeism.

3. Management by Exception: This management devotes its time to investigating only the situations in which actual results differ significantly from planned results. The idea is that management should spend its valuable time concentrating on the more important items, for example, shaping the company's future strategic course.

4. Management by command: In management, command and control refers more generally to the maintenance of authority with somewhat more distributed decision making. In these civilian contexts, the term “command” is unfashionable, but the meaning is the same. Some management science theorists even hold that the idea is now obsolete. To the degree that you hold purpose and principles in common among you, you can dispense with command and control. People will know how to behave in accordance with them, and they'll do it in thousands of unimaginable, creative ways.

5. Management by walking around: This works best when you are genuinely interested in employees and in their work, and when they see you as there to listen. It sometimes requires to follow-up. When you can't answer an employee's questions on the spot, get back to them with an answer. This management should focus on the following:

A. Do it to everyone

B. Do it as often as you can

C. Go by yourself

D. Do not circumvent subordinate managers

E. Ask questions

F. Watch and listen

G. Share your dreams with them

H. Try out their work

I. Bring good news

J. Have fun

K. Catch them in the act of doing something right

L. Do not be critical

6. Management by value: This management is really important to be used in the present situation. The organizations look for many requirements from employees whereas the employees have high expectations from the organizations. With this, the organizations have to consider of the value of every employee so that they can put much effort in their work. These values can be:

            A. Caring for employees

            B.  Teamwork

            C. Honest communications

            D. On-time delivery

            E. Client involvement

            F. Entrepreneurship

            G. Excellence

            H. Integrity

Sam Aun (Andy)