Many scholars said that leaders can be teachers, instructors, managers, helpers, guiders, coordinators, or indicators. However, Michael Maccoby (1981) in his book about “The Leader” wrote that leaders are divided into 4 different types, and these include:
A. Leaders are administrators: These are included traditional expert engineers, accountants, lawyers and craftsmen. Their main work is related to craft that is the traditional orientation to independent, inner-directed, skilled work and some others. In short, these leaders are independent and hard-working, but they are inflexible and suspicious.
B. Leaders are strongmen: This is concerned with self-oriented person that sees himself in a world of constant change and few roots where he must create his identity and relationship and use himself as an instrument at work. At best, this person is experimental, tolerant, more involved in enriching experience and continued growth, but, at worst, this person is rebellious, disloyal, centreless, escapist and unproductive. In brief, these leaders are experimental and self-developing, in contrast, they are escapist and rebellious.
C. Leaders are gamesmen: This is related to enterprise. Enterprise means risk-taking orientation. This type of leader is relevant to risk-taking, innovative, adaptable, and inspiring in competition. Indeed, these leaders are entrepreneurial and daring, yet they are instrumental and uncaring.
D. Leaders are developers: This focuses on the career that is related to the orientation of the technical expert, with professional standards and meritocratic belief that measurable performance should be rewarded by promotion. In particular, these leaders find developing people, new products, and being participative. All in all, these leaders are professional and meritocratic; on the other hand, they are bureaucratic and fearful.
Sam Aun (Andy)
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